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Just 2.1km short of the touchdown, Vikram lander loses contact with ISRO

By
Sugat Srivastava
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By: Talat Mohsin

India had ventured to do something no country had done before- land on the moon’s south pole. But it’s attempt turned into failure when the robotic spacecraft diverged from its path and all communications with the lander was lost. The incident happened 13 minutes after the lander of the Chandrayaan 2 began it’s descent on the surface. The lander had reduced its velocity of 1.6 km/sec to half within the first 7 minutes and had come down to an altitude of 7 km.

ISRO chief Kailasavavadivoo Sivan confirmed the news and also added that the data from the lander has been analyzed and that the bump will not end in the failure of the Chandrayaan 2 mission. Prime minister Modi interacted with chief Sivan on Saturday and also addressed the ISRO team, saying- “When ISRO has it’s an encyclopaedia of success, some hurdles cannot put its a flight out of trajectory. Learnings from today will make us stronger and better; there will be new dawn”.

The mission has been reported to be a 95% success, with the orbiter estimated to go around the moon for over a year. “ the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is healthy and safe in the lunar orbit”, an ISRO official said.

President Kovind lauded the team for their efforts by saying that the entire team of ISRO has shown exemplary commitment and courage. The whole country has reached out to ISRO and has commended them for their work. Some of the reactions are as follows:

3-D Printed Tissues shall keep Astronauts healthy during Mars Missions

By
Sugat Srivastava
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0

3-D printed human skin and bones tissue will keep the astronauts healthy during future space travels to Mars.

“Skin cells can be bio-printed using human blood plasma as a nutrient-rich ‘bio-ink’ — which would be easily accessible from the mission crew-members,” said Nieves Cubo from University Hospital of Dresden Technical University (TUD) in Germany.

“However, plasma has a highly fluid consistency, making it difficult to work within altered gravitational conditions. We, therefore, developed a modified recipe by adding methylcellulose and alginate to increase the viscosity of the substrate,” Cubo said.

Astronauts could obtain these substances from plants and algae respectively, a feasible solution for a self-contained space expedition.

To prove that the bioprinting technique was transferable to space, the printing of both the skin and bone samples took place upside down, researchers said. With prolonged access to weightlessness impractical, the challenge of such ‘minus 1 G’ testing represented the next best option, they said.

The project is looking into the kind of onboard facilities that would be required, in terms of equipment, surgical rooms and sterile environments, as well as the ability to create more complex tissues for transplants — culminating ultimately in the printing of entire internal organs.

“A journey to Mars or other interplanetary destinations will involve several years in space,” said Tommaso Ghidini, head of ESA’s Structures, Mechanisms and Materials Division, overseeing t

“The crew will run many risks, and returning home early will not be possible. Carrying enough medical supplies for all possible eventualities would be impossible in the limited space and mass of a spacecraft,” Ghidini said.

“Instead, a 3D bioprinting capability will let them respond to medical emergencies as they arise. In the case of burns, for instance, brand new skin could be bio-printed instead of being grafted from elsewhere on the astronaut’s body, doing secondary damage that may not heal easily in the orbital environment,” Ghidini said.

In the case of bone fractures — rendered more likely by the weightlessness of space, coupled with the partial 0.38 Earth gravity of Mars — replacement bone could be inserted into injured areas.

New Space PSU incorporated can become the commercial arm of ISRO

By
Sugat Srivastava
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0

Union Budget 2019, presented by the Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, incorporates a new space PSU. It will be called New Space India Limited (NSIL) and would function as the commercial arm of ISRO. NSIL is most likely to replace Antrix Corporation as the functionalities overlap each other.

The new entity would be responsible for marketing of space products, transfers of technology and arranging commercial space launches with ISRO.

These functions are currently performed by Antrix Corporation, a fully-owned government company which functions under the administrative control of the Department of Space. Though the Finance Minister did not mention it, the new entity, New Space India Limited, is likely to replace Antrix Corporation and not be an additional entity.

Antrix Corporation has earlier come under trouble due to its strongly overlapping management structure with ISRO.

ISRO launches EMISAT to provide intelligence to Armed Forces

By
Sugat Srivastava
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0

Just after 6 days of the launch of ASAT by DRDO, ISRO launches EMISAT that would locate enemy radar sites. It would certainly enhance India’s military capabilities. This was PSLV’s 47th flight. ISRO also launched 28 other nano satellites as well.

”Today, PSLV-C45 successfully injected EMISAT in a 748-km orbit and 28 other satellites in a 504-km orbit as sought by the customers,” ISRO Chairman K. Sivan said.

The four-stage PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) was launched at 9.27 a.m. from the second launch pad. EMISAT, with its core payload or brain coming from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), was released first into its planned slot from the fourth stage or PS4, 17 minutes into the launch.

EMISAT detects electronic signals on ground, especially hidden enemy radars. This capacity will help India in surgical warfare which is supposed to have become a permanent option for India to check Pakistan-sponsored terrorism after Balakot surgical strike. This low-Earth orbit satellite that weighs 436 kg, sources say, will monitor and give locations for enemy radar sites deep in their territory. Till now, India was using airplanes as early warning platforms, but this satellite will give a space-based platform to sniff out enemy radars.

According to the Hindu, ISRO has started reusing PS4 as an innovated, low-cost, space-friendly test bed for its own microgravity experiments and those of others. It has been gradually putting additional support systems also on every new PS4; the power generating solar panels are new this time. This is the third such mission.

The PS4-fourth stage hosts three payloads in this mission. It carries an ISRO test of Automatic Identification System (AIS) related to tracking ships on the sea.

AMSAT, or the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation, India, has sent a payload called the Automatic Packet Repeating System. This is expected to help amateur radio operators to get improved locational accuracy in their tracking and monitoring activity.

The third one, the Advanced Retarding Potential Analyser for Ionospheric Studies, has been sent up by ISRO’s university, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology.

Image Source: Twitter

The other 28 international satellites are 25 3U type, two 6U type and one 2U type nano -satellites. They are from Lithuania (two), Spain (1), Switzerland (1) and the United States (24). All these satellites are being launched under commercial arrangements, ISRO said.

Remembering Kalpana Chawla who dared to Rise

By
Sugat Srivastava
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0

Kalpana Chawla was the first Indian-born woman to reach space, tragically died on 1st February 2003. She was the second Indian to fly in space after Rakesh Sharma. The Haryana-born astronaut died along with six others — just 16 minutes before landing as the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas during its re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere.

Early Life and Education

Kalpana Chawla was born on 17th March 1962 in Karnal, Haryana.  She graduated from the Tagore School in 1976 and then went on to complete her bachelor’s in Aeronautical Engineering from the Punjab Engineering College in 1983. Later, she moved to the United States for higher studies. She completed her master’s in Aerospace Engineering in 1984 from the University of Texas at Arlington. After that, she moved to Boulder, Colorado in order to pursue a doctorate in aerospace engineering, which she completed in 1988.

After earning her doctorate, she started working at NASA, where she did computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research on vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) concepts. She later became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1991 and then applied for the NASA Astronaut Corps. She joined the corps in 1995 and then NASA selected for her first flight in 1996.

Space flights

Kalpana became the first Indian woman to reach space on November 17, 1997, when her first space mission began. She was a part of the six-astronaut crew who flew the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87. On her first mission, Chawla traveled over 10.4 million miles (16737177.6 km) in 252 orbits of the earth, logging more than 372 hours (15 Days and 12 Hours) in space.

Kalpana was selected for her second flight in 2000. She became a part of the crew of STS-107. Due to various technical and scheduling conflicts, NASA had to delay the mission several times. Then on 16th January 2003, Kalpana’s mission was launched. The crew performed nearly 80 experiments which included studying earth and space science, advanced technology development, and astronaut health and safety.

The accident and tragic death of Kalpana

It all started during the launch of STS-107. It was Columbia’s 28th mission and a piece of foam insulation broke off from the Space Shuttle external tank and struck the left wing of the orbiter. NASA thought that it was a minor issue as previous launches had seen such incidents and everything went fine. Some engineers suspected that the damage is quite serious but it was too late as they reasoned that the crew could not have fixed the problem if it had been confirmed.

When Columbia re-entered the atmosphere of Earth, the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to penetrate and destroy the internal wing structure. This caused instability of the spacecraft. The Spacecraft disintegrated into pieces resulting in the death for 7 crew members including our Kalpana Chawla.

After this incident, NASA suspended all its space operations for the next two years. She was made for the sky and she died in the sky. Though Kalpana died, we still remember her as the lady who dared to fly. She will keep inspiring the generations to come.

The Future Of Space Travel and SpaceX Is Beyond Imagination

By
Sharad Tripathi
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0

By-Krutarth Vashi

To infinity and beyond :
On February 6, 2018 at 15:45 hours, the most powerful rocket in the world, Falcon Heavy, manufactured by Elon Musk’s SpaceX, was launched successfully from Cape Canaveral into deep space, and it fired the dreams of a new era of 21 st century discovery. Spearheaded by billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk, SpaceX is already making announcements for the colonisation of Mars and making short trips to the red planet starting as soon as 2022. Amazon founder Jeff Besoz isn’t far behind with his space company, Blue Origin, eyeing lunar colonization after successfully landing the fired rockets on the base. Richard Branson and his Virgin Galactic aims to carve a tourist market by flying holiday makers into space for short trips.

Image source: Google

Colonisation on Mars:
The tech mogul in a press release confirmed that his company, SpaceX, aims to land at least 2 cargo-ships on Mars in 2022 for laying the power structure and life support systems.
That’s not a typo — although it is aspirational, Musk said during a presentation at the International
Astronautical Congress in Australia.
However, the space research and exploration needs serious amount of investment. Considering the case of Falcon Heavy, the entire launch cost is estimated to be around $90 mn. But SpaceX thinks it would be able to generate enough capital from its current business of launching satellites and aiding the International Space Station. Elon Musk aims to make the Falcon Rocket reusable so as to bring down the cost of subsequent launches. And his idea has been well supported by space agencies and governments equally.

Image source: Google

What’s Next for SpaceX?
Elon Musk declared in February last year that SpaceX will fly two tourists to moon sometime in 2018, which will be SpaceX’s first mission with humans on board. Like the Apollo astronauts before them, these individuals will travel into space carrying the hopes and dreams of all humankind, driven by the universal human spirit of exploration, SpaceX representatives said in the statement.

Image source: Google

Hyperloop and Earth travel                                                                                                           During the Astronautical Conference in Australia, Musk said if you are building a ship capable of reaching Mars, the same technology can be used for high-speed transport on earth. Referring to his “in-design- phase” rocket, Musk said the underground travel through Hyper-loop, is capable of travelling at 700 mphmaking the journey time from New York to Shanghai in 40 minutes flat. If successful, this would be a ground breaking success and will forever change the way the world travels. As far as the space exploration is considered, only time will tell which of the visionaries would eventually succeed but it remains an enticing prospect that offers rich rewards to entrepreneurs and to the society.

Stephen Hawking, Born on the date of Galileo’s death, 8th January. Died On Albert Einstein’s Birthday, 14th March.

By
Sharad Tripathi
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0

By: Vaibhav Singh

The surprising facts about Stephen Hawking: “Stephen Hawking was born on the date of Galileo’s death, the 8th of January. He died this morning on the date of Albert Einstein’s birth, the 14th of March. The great physicist StephenHawking was expected to live not more than 2 years after he was caught up by the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a motor neurone disease, he completed his Ph.D, married two women and had three children, such confident gentleman.

Image source: Google

(Photo by Bruno Vincent/Getty Images)

Stephen Hawking wasn’t only a man of wisdom, but also a man of art, and the best art the displayed to everyone was the art of living and Cosmology was only a subject, which he was studying. He unboxed the abyss of the universe and it’s origin. His contributions to the world and science are unprecedented, which he discovered just by sitting on a chair. Hawking was the idol of
millions and trillions of people in the world. He was known to be one of the best brains in physics after Sir Albert Einstein.Hawking mastered in the theory of relativity and black hole, and loved the theoritical science more than observation science. What he describes as his proudest achievement is the discovery of Hawking radiation. This theory explains that nothing escapes the black hole, not
even light, except the radiation, which was later named as Hawking radiation.

Image source: Google

In his initial days, Hawking continued at Cambridge after his graduation, serving as a research
fellow and later as a professional fellow. In 1974, he was inducted into the Royal Society, a
worldwide fellowship of scientists. In 1979, he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, the most famous academic chair in the world (the second holder was Sir Isaac Newton), also a member of the Royal Society

 

Image source: Zimbio.com                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

Along with his scientific studies, Hawking wrote a handful of books using complex text and speech machinery installed in his chair. Many people around the world heard his plight and finally Walt Woltosz from California sent him a computer programme called equaliser, which allowed him to form a sentence by choosing a word from the given series and after completing the sentence, he can speak out the sentence through a speech synthesiser. After that the machine was advanced by a Cambridge student of Adapted Communication named David Mason, through which the text can be printed out.Thus way he completed his books, which includes” A briefer history of time, The Universe in a nutshell, The Grand Design and On The shoulder of Giants.

 He and his daughter, Lucy Hawking, also created a fictional series of books for middle school children on the creation of the universe, including ‘George and the Big Bang’ in 2012.
             

Image source: googleHawking made several television appearances, including a playing hologram of himself on ‘Star Trek: The Next Generation and a cameo on the television show ‘Big Bang Theory’. PBS presented an educational miniseries titled Stephen Hawking’s Universe,’ which probes the theories of the cosmologist. In 2014, a movie was also made on Stephen Hawking, The Theory of Everything, Hawking praised the movie very much and said that the movie relates very much to him.

Image source: Google

Stephen William Hawking was the man who took the Universe most seriously and tried to dig
down this bottomless pit. Above cosmology and science, Hawking had a great belief in God
and he believed that if every secret of the Universe is understood, then we can understand the
existence of God. The best can be said on this disheartening day is that he was a hand-picked jewel by God. God picked the man, who drew the spark of instigation in the world and he gave us an insight into the unknown.

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